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考点20 虚拟语气
高考频度：★★★★☆
【命题解读】
对虚拟语气的考查重点在于根据句子的语境灵活多样地运用虚拟语气，宾语从句中虚拟语气的应用，交际用语中为表示委婉而使用的虚拟语气，含蓄条件句中的虚拟语气，以及特殊句型中的虚拟语气等。
【命题预测】
在特定语境下，情态动词和虚拟语气与动词的时态和语态相结合的考查是近年来高考的趋势。
【复习建议】
1. 掌握虚拟语气的基本用法；
2. 掌握含蓄虚拟条件句的用法；
3. 掌握主从句时间不一致的虚拟条件句的用法；
4. 掌握名词性从句中的虚拟语气的用法；
5. 掌握wish/if only/would rather从句中的虚拟语气的用法。
考向一 if条件句中的虚拟语气
if条件
从句
从句的谓语形式
主句的谓语形式
表示现
在情况
动词过去式(be的过去式用were)
should/would/could/might＋动词原形
表示过
去情况
had＋过去分词
should/would/could/might＋have＋过去分词
表示将
来情况
should＋动词原形
should/would/could/might＋动词原形
动词过去式
were to＋动词原形
☞If I were you，I would take an umbrella.
如果我是你，我会带把伞。
☞We would have called a taxi yesterday if Harold hadn’t offered us a ride home.
如果昨天哈罗德没送我们回家，我们会打出租车回家的。
【巧学妙记】
虚拟语气记忆口诀
虚拟语气表愿望；
If句中三情况；
与现事实若相反；
从过全were 主would原；
过从had过分连；
Would have过分键；
从过were to should原；
Would动原主将反。
1.(2017·北京卷·单项填空) They might have found a better hotel if they _________ a few more kilometers.
A. drove B. would drive C. were to drive D. had driven
【参考答案】D
2.(2017·北京卷·单项填空) If the new safety system ________ to use, the accident would never have happened.
A. had been put B. were put
C. should be put D. would be put
【参考答案】A
【答案解析】考查虚拟语气。根据句意可知是对过去情况的虚拟，从句用had done形式， 故答案选 A。句意：如果新的安全系统已投入使用的话， 这次事故就不会发生了。
2.(2016·天津卷·单项填空)I was wearing a seatbelt. If I hadn’t been wearing one, I __________.
A. were injured B. would be injured
C. had been injured D. would have been injured
【参考答案】D
【答案解析】句意：我当时系着安全带。如果我没有系安全带，我就会受伤了。使用虚拟语气，根据if条件句用的had done，可知，主句用would have done表示对过去情况的虚拟，而且I和injure是被动关系。故选D。
考向二 错综时间条件句的虚拟语气
当条件状语从句表示的行为和主句表示的行为所发生的时间不一致时，被称为＂错综时间条件句＂，动词的形式要根据它所表示的时间做出相应的调整。
☞If you had followed the doctor’s advice，you would be better now.
如果你当时听医生建议的话，你现在就好多了。
1. （2018·天津卷·单项填空）If we ___________the flight yesterday, we would be enjoying our holiday on the beach
A. had caught B. caught
C. have caught D. would catch
【答案】A
点睛：本题考查虚拟语气。虚拟语气重要做题原则：根据题干中主句或从句中动词形式判断所考查的动词的虚拟时间，一般要保持一致，但要注意错综时间虚拟语气要根据各自所表示的虚拟时间做出调整。本题就是错综条件虚拟语气，从句与过去事实相反，故用had + v-ed，主句与现在事实相反。
2.（2016·江苏卷·单项填空）If it_________ for his invitation the other day, I should not be here now.
A. had not beenB. should not be
C. were not to be D. should not have been
【参考答案】A
【答案解析】本句属于错综条件句的虚拟语气。if从句表示与过去事实相反，所以使用过去完成时，主句表示与现在事实相反，所以使用＂情态动词+动词原形＂。句意：如果不是因为前几天他的邀请，我现在就不会在这里了。故A正确。
考向三 省略if的倒装句
在条件句中可省略if，把were，had，should提到句首，变为倒装句式。
☞If I were at school again, I would study harder.
→Were I at school again, I would study harder.
如果我重回学校，我会更加努力学习。
☞If you had come earlier, you would catch the bus.
→ Had you come earlier, you would catch the bus.
要是你来的再早点，你可能就赶上公交了。
☞If it should rain tomorrow, we would not go climbing.
→ Should it rain tomorrow, we would not go climbing.
要是明天下雨，我们就不去爬山了。
(2017·江苏卷·单项填空)________not for the support of the teachers, the student could not overcome her difficulty.
A. It were B. Were it
C. It was D. Was it
【参考答案】B
考向四 含蓄条件句中的虚拟语气
有时候，虚拟条件不是通过if引导的条件句来表示，而是暗含在上下文中。
（1）用but for 、without(如果没有）等来代替条件从句。
☞Without electricity human life would be quite different.
=If there were no electricity, human life would be quite different.
如果没有电，人类的生活将会有很大不同。
（2）用otherwise、or(or else)、even though等表示与上文的情况相反，从而引出虚拟语气。
☞I lost your address. Otherwise, I would have visited you long before.
=I lost your address. If I hadn’t lost your address, I would have visited you long before.
你的地址我弄丢了，要不我早就去拜访你了。
（3）虚拟条件通过but暗示出来。
☞He would have given you more help,but he was too busy. 他本来会给你更多的帮助，但是他太忙了。
也就是说，如果那时他不忙，他可以给你更多的帮助。句中but he was too busy实际上暗示了一个虚拟条件——如果那时他不忙。
☞He would lose weight,but he eats too much. 他本来可以减肥的，但是他吃得太多了。
也就是说，如果他吃得不多的话，他是可以减肥的。句中的but he eats too much实际上暗示了一个虚拟条件——如果他吃得不多。
1.(2018·天津卷·单项填空) I can't find my purse. I___________ it in the supermarket yesterday, but I'm not sure.
A. should leave B. must have left
C. might leave D. could have left
【参考答案】D
2.（2015·重庆卷·单项填空）Without his wartime experiences, Hemingway____ his famous novel A Farewell to Arms.
A. didn’t write B. hadn’t written
C. wouldn’t write D. wouldn’t have written
【参考答案】D
【答案解析】本题是含蓄条件句。句意：没有他战时的经验，海明威就不可能写出著名的小说《永别了武器》。根据without his wartime experience没有战时的经历，可知表示对于过去的否定猜测，故主句用would have done，因此选D项。
考向五 名词性从句中的虚拟语气
1．用于表示建议、愿望、命令等动词后的宾语从句中
常见的动词有：demand，order，require，insist，suggest，propose，advise，request，urge，command，prefer，desire，recommend等。宾语从句中的虚拟语气结构为＂should＋动词原形＂，should可以省略。
☞Her mother suggested that she should go and see the doctor.她妈妈建议她去看医生。
【特别提醒】
★ suggest表＂暗示＂，insist表＂坚持认为＂时不用虚拟语气。
试比较：
☞He insisted that I had read his letter. 他坚持说我看过他的信。
☞He insisted that I should read his letter. 他坚持要我看他的信。
☞He suggested that we (should) stay for dinner. 他建议我们留下吃饭。
☞I suggested that you had a secret understanding with him. 我觉得你与他心照不宣。
2．用于主语从句中
常见句型：It is important/necessary/urgent/essential/ ... + that...
It is sb’s order/desire/suggestion/advice/ ... + that...
It is suggested/advised/demanded/requested/ ... + that
从句谓语形式：（should+）动词原形
☞It is ordered that the army (should) get there by 4 a.m. 军队必须在上午4点之前到达那里。
☞It is necessary that we (should) clean the room every day. 我们每天打扫房间是有必要的。
☞It is suggested that the meeting (should) be put off till next week.人们建议会议推迟到下周。
3．用于表语从句和同位语从句中
在suggestion，proposal，order，plan，idea，request，advice等名词后的表语从句和同位语从句中要用虚拟语气，其构成是＂should＋动词原形＂，should可以省略。
☞His demand is that the boy should go with him.他要求这个男孩和他一起去。
☞Our suggestion is that you (should) be the first to go. 我们的建议是你应该第一个去。
☞He issued the order that the troops (should) withdraw at once. 他命令部队马上撤退。
1.(2018·江苏卷·单项填空) It’s strange that he _______ have taken the books without the owner’s permission.
A. would B. should
C. could D. might
【参考答案】B
2.（2016·全国新课标卷II·短文改错）Some classmates suggest we can go to places of interest nearby.
【参考答案】删除can或can改为should
【答案解析】考查虚拟语气。动词suggest作为建议讲的时候，后面的宾语从句要使用虚拟语气＂（should+）动词原形＂，所以本句可以删除can或can改为should。
考向六 wish 宾语从句中的虚拟语气
1.表示与现在事实相反的愿望，
构成：主语 + wish (that) +从句主语+动词过去式（be一律用were。
☞I wish I knew everything in the world. 我希望我知道世界上的一切。
☞I wish that the experiment were a success. 我希望实验是成功的。
2.表示与过去事实相反的愿望，
构成：主语 + wish (that) + 从句主语 + would/could + have + 过去分词或had + 过去分词。
☞I wish that you had called yesterday. 我希望你昨天打来电话。
☞I didn’t go to the party, but I do wish I had been there. 我没有去参加聚会，但我真希望我去过那儿。
3.表示将来不大可能实现的愿望，
构成：主语 + wish (that) + 从句主语 + would/should/could/might +动词原形。
☞I wish that he could try again. 我希望他能再试一次。
☞I wish that someday I should live on the moon. 我希望有一天我能在月球上生活。
1.(2018·江苏卷·单项填空)There is a good social life in the village, and I wish I _______ a second chance to become more involved.
A. had B. will have
C. would have had D. have had
【答案】A
2. (2015·天津)I wish I ______ at my sister’s wedding last Tuesday, but I was on a business trip in New York then.
A. will be B. would be
C. have been D. had been
【参考答案】D
【答案解析】句意：上个周二我本希望参加我姐姐的婚礼，但那时我在纽约出差。本题考查wish引导的宾语从句，表示与过去事实相反的愿望，从句用had + 过去分词。根据句意可知选D。
考向七 其他句型中的虚拟语气
1．would rather后的宾语从句中，表示愿望，意为＂宁愿；但愿＂。用一般过去时表示与现在或将来事实相反；用过去完成时表示与过去事实相反。
☞I would rather he had passed the exam.
我宁愿他通过了那次考试。
2．在＂It is (about/high) time＋that从句＂中，谓语动词常用过去式或＂should＋动词原形＂表示虚拟语气，注意should不可省略。
☞It’s high time that we devoted ourselves to environmental protection.
是我们致力于环境保护的时候了。
3．as if，as though引导的表语从句和方式状语从句中常用虚拟语气，与现在事实相反用一般过去时；与过去事实相反用过去完成时。
☞They talked and talked as if they would never meet again.
他们谈啊谈好像永远不会再见面一样。
4．if only引导的感叹句中，用虚拟语气表示愿望。
☞Look at the trouble we’re in.If only we had taken our teacher’s advice！
看看我们所处的困境，要是我们接受老师的建议就好了！
题组一 基础过关
单句改错
1.I’d rather you saw the film yesterday.
2.It is time that I go to pick up my daughter at school.
3.I wish I knew the truth of the matter.
4.If you listened to the doctor，you would be all right now.
5.You could do better，but you didn’t try your best.
6.If we took the other road，we might have arrived earlier.
7.He suggested that we took the teacher’s advice.
8.If he had been studying hard，he would work in the office now.
9.But for the rain，we should have a pleasant journey.
10.If only I have read the books on reading list before I attended the lecture.
题组二能力提升
单项填空
1.The driver was really careless, otherwise the traffic accident ______________.
A. didn’t happenB. hadn’t happened
C. wouldn’t happenD. wouldn’t have happened
2. If you ______________ yourself to doing everything in the order given, you would miss an opportunity to be a unique individual.
A. commitB. committed
C. have committedD. had committed
3. The boy might have drowned but for the fact that his father ______________ beside him on the deck at that time.
A. was standingB. stood
C. had stoodD. would have stood
4. —What do you think of his performance in the match?
—He ______________, but today was not his day.
A. need have scoredB. could have scored
C. should scoreD. would score
5. —I didn’t watch the program ＂Where are we going, Dad?＂ yesterday.
—I ______________, either, if my father hadn’t reminded me.
A. wouldn’t haveB. didn’t
C. wouldn’tD. hadn’t
6. I’d rather the two countries ______________ an end to the war. Then their people could live in peace.
A. putsB. would put
C. putD. should put
7. We ______________ the difficulty together, but why didn’t you tell me?
A. should faceB. might face
C. could have facedD. must have faced
8. The report urged that all the children ______________ to swim.
A. are taughtB. be taught
C. to be taughtD. being taught
9. The match sounds fantastic; how I wish I ______________ it like you.
A. watchedB. had watched
C. would watchD. have watched
10. This nationwide smog should serve as a reminder to all, indicating a high time that we ______________ on what we’ve done to the environment.
A. have reflectedB. are reflecting
C. will reflectD. reflected
题组三体验真题
1. (2017·天津)—Do you have Betty's phone number?
—Yes. Otherwise, I ________ able to reach her yesterday.
A. hadn't been B. wouldn't have been
C. weren't D. wouldn't be
2.(2016·浙江)Had the governments and scientists not worked together , AIDS-related deaths _______ since their highest in 2005.
A. had not fallen B. would not fall
C. did not fall D. would not have fallen
3.(2016·北京)Why didn’t you tell me about your trouble last week? If you ________ me, I could have helped.
A. told B. had told
C. were to tell D. would tell
4. (2015·安徽)It is lucky we booked a room, or we ______nowhere to stay now.
A. hadB. had had
C. would haveD. would have had
5. (天津市和平区2017届高三第三次质量调查（三模）)— What happened to the young trees we planted last week?
— The trees __________ well, but I didn’t water them.
A. might growB. would have grown
C. needn’t have grownD. would grow
题组一 基础过关
单句改错
1.saw→had seen 2.go→went/should go 3.knew→had known
4.listened→had listened 5.do→have done 6.took→had taken
7.took→(should) take 8.work→be working
9.have后加had 10.have→had
题组二能力提升
单项填空
2. B 【解析】句意：如果你承诺自己按已给的顺序做每件事，你就会错过成为独特个体的机会。此处是虚拟语气，与现在相反的虚拟语气，if从句用一般过去时，主句用would/could+动词原形，故选B。
3. A 【解析】考查虚拟语气和时态。句意：要不是因为那个男孩的父亲当时在甲板上站在他旁边，他可能就会溺水了。but for要不是，引导含蓄虚拟条件句，在此相当于if it hadn’t been for；the fact后跟同位语从句，对其进行补充说明，父亲站在男孩身旁是事实，因此从句不使用虚拟语气；根据＂at that time＂可知，应该用过去进行时，故选A。
4. C 【解析】句意：——你认为他在比赛中的表现怎么样？——他本能够得分的，但今天他不走运。could have done＂本能够（本可以）做，但实际上未做＂。
6. C 【解析】考查虚拟语气。句意：我希望这两个国家结束战争，这样，两国人民都能和平生活。I’d rather后接从句时，从句要用虚拟语气，表示现在的非真实情况，用一般过去时。
7. C 【解析】根据but后面的过去时可知是与过去事实相反，那么主句中应该使用情态动词+have done的形式。故排除AB。D项只表示对过去情况的肯定推测，不表示虚拟，故C正确。
8. B 【解析】urge后面的宾语从句要使用虚拟语气should+动词原形，should可以省略，且本句要使用被动语态。句意：那则报告强烈要求所有的孩子都被教会游泳。故B正确。
9. B 【解析】考查虚拟语气。句意：那场比赛听上去真是精彩。我多么希望像你一样看过那场比赛啊！此题考查I wish后面的从句中虚拟语气的用法。依据前面句子的意思可以看出比赛已经发生过了，所以I wish后面的从句中要用虚拟语气，用过去完成时来表示与过去事实相反，故选B。
10. D 【解析】句意：全球范围的雾霾应该对所有的人是个提醒，表明是我们该反思我们对环境做了什么的时候了。这是句型＂It is high time that...＂的变形，that从句中要用一般过去时或should+动词原形表示虚拟语气，故选D。
题组三 体验真题
1.B 【解析】考查虚拟语气。由空前的otherwise可知应用虚拟语气，再结合句意可知此处表示与过去事实相反，谓语动词用would have done，故选B项。句意：＂你有贝蒂的电话号码吗？＂＂有。不然的话，我昨天就不会联系上她了。＂
2.D 【解析】句意：如果政府和科学家不共同努力，艾滋病相关的死亡就不会从2005年的最高点下降。使用虚拟语气， if条件句用的had done，而且省略it，将had提前，主句用would have done表示对过去情况的虚拟。故选D。
4. C 【解析】句意：我们很幸运地订到了房间，否则的话，我们现在就会无处可去了。or引导含蓄虚拟条件句，or后面是主句，相当于if we hadn’t booked a room, we would have nowhere to stay now.，根据
＂now＂可知，是对现在进行虚拟，因此用would+动词原形，故选C。
5.B 【解析】考查虚拟语气。would have done表示对过去已发生的事情的推测，表示＂可能已经……＂，句意：——我们上星期种的小树怎么了？——如果我过去给它浇水的话，它可能已经长得很好了。故答案是B项。
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