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英语虚拟语气的用法
一、语气
用不同的动词形式表示说话人不同的态度, 或语气, 称为语气。
1. 陈述语气: 用来陈述事实。
2. 祈使语气: 用来请求,建议或命令等。
3. 虚拟语气: 用来表示主观愿望和假想虚拟的情况。
二、虚拟语气的用法： 在不同的情况下, 虚拟语气的动词变化形式不同。
I. 在状语从句中:
1. 在虚拟条件句中:
1). 基本用法: 动词形式变化如下:
条 件 从 句 | 主 句 | |
与现在事实相反 | 过去式(be 用 were) | would, should, might, could+ 动词原形 |
与过去事实相反 | had + 过去分词 | would,should,might,could +have + 过去分词 |
与将来事实相反 | 过去式(be 用 were) were to + 动词原形 should + 动词原形 | would, should, might, could + 动词原形 |
注: 口语中在第一或第三人称后可用 was,但 If I were you,...中的 were 不可用was 代替。
f.g: ①.If you offered me six times the amount that you have just offered,I would still take my pound of flesh.
* If she were present, there would be trouble in your home.
* If it weren't raining, we wouldn't stay indoors.
②. If the door had opened directly into space, the air in the ship would have rushed out and been lost when the door opened.
③. If anyone should set me free, I would kill him at once.
* If I did (were to do) it, I would do it in a different way.
2). 虚拟条件句中 if 的省略:
如果条件从句中包含有一个助动词, 情态动词, (实义)动词 have 或(连系)动 词 be, 可将 if 省略, 把这些词提到从句前面。
f.g: ①. The ship would have sunk with all on board had it not been for the captain.
②. Should it rain tomorrow, I would not go.
③. Had I time, I would go with you.
④. Were I in your position, I would not give it up.
3). 错综时间条件句:
有时条件从句中所表示的时间与主句中所表示的时间不一致, 这种条件句称为～。注: 主, 从句中动词的形式, 分别按照各自的时间变化。
f.g: ①.If the weather had been more favorable the crops would be growing still better.
②.If you were in better health, we would have allowed you to join them in the work.
③.If we hadn't got everything ready by now, we should be having a terrible time tomorrow.
4). 含蓄条件句:
有时假设的情况不以条件句形式出现, 而是通过一个词, 短语, 上下文或其它 方式表现出来, 这种条件句称为～。
f.g: ①. But for the storm, we would have been here in time.
* We could have done better under more favorable conditions.
* We could hardly live without air.
* Her father pays her fees; otherwise, she wouldn't be here.
②. The gift to him would have filled a railway car.
* Einstein cared little for money, though he could have been very rich.
5). 错综时间含蓄条件句:
f.g: Otherwise he would still be working, because his heart and soul were still in the schoolroom with his students.
6). 表示“祝愿”的条件句:
如表示说话人希望具备某种条件时情况会更好, 只用 If only 引导的从句, 省略主句。
f.g: If only he had not left.
* If only I could help you.
* If only he were here.
* If only I were ten years younger.
7). 表示“决心”的条件句:
有时条件句用虚拟动词形式, 而主句却用陈述动词形式, 用来表示说话人的决 心或希望(主句中动作)一定会实现。相当于 “万一...就一定...”
f.g: If I had missed or shot too low, I was going to use this arrow on you.
* If he should come, tell him to ring me up.
2. 在 so that 和 in order that 引导的目的状语从句中:
用“情态动词 may, might, can, could 等 + 动词原形”表示说话人的某种愿望。
f.g: The teacher spoke slowly so that the students could( might) hear hom clearly.
*. The emperor gave the cheats some gold in order that they might begin their work at once.
3. 在 as if/though 引导的方式状语从句(或为表语从句)中:
动词形式变化如下:
时 间 | 动 词 形 式 |
与主句动作同时发生 | 过 去 式 |
在主句动作之前发生 | had + done |
在主句动作之后发生 | would, should, might, could + 动词原形 |
f.g: (1). Holding his head high, he walked past the pole and the soldiers as if they didn't exist.
* It seemed as if she was the famous singer.
(2). How wild his white hair looked--as if it had been electrified.
* He looked as if he had just stepped out of my book of fairy tales and had passed me like a spirit.
(3). He spoke excitedly as if he would get married soon.
It seems as if he would fail again.
Note: He acts as if he is drunk.
It looks as if it is going to rain.
4. 在 even if/though 引导的让步状语从句中:
动词形式与虚拟条件句中的动词形式相同。 但让步状语从句中的动作是与事实相反的, 而主句中动作却与事实相符合, 虚拟动词形式的使用, 是用来加强语气的。
f.g: (1). Even if I were you there, I shouldn't be able to solve the problem by myself.
(2). Nothing could have saved him even if he had been tended without delay.
Note: Even if we achieve great success in our work, we should not be conceited.
5. 在 whatever, whoever, whenever.../no matter what, no matter who,...等引导的让步状语从句中:
动词形式多用 may 加动词原形。如果指的是一个过去的动作, may 后面的动词要用完成形式。这种虚拟语气的使用主要是表达说话人的一种.“愿望”或“决心”。
f.g: Whatever shortcoming she may have, she is a good comrade.
No matter how hard he may work, he still do the work well.
Note: Whenever he went, Darwin made a most careful study of the animal and plant life found there.
II. 在宾语从句中:
1. 在 wish 后面的宾语从句中: 动词的形式与 as if 从句中的变化相同。
f.g: (1). But I wish（-ed） that she were dead and in Heaven, so that she would be able to ask God to help Antonio.
(2). How I wish(-ed) I had been able to say the rules without a mistake!
(3). I wish (-ed) I could fly to the moon in a spaceship some day.
2. 在表示主观判断、推测、建议、命令和要求等意义的动词后的宾语从句中:
(常见的这类动词有: ask要求 advise建议 arrange安排 beg请求 command命令 decide决定 demand要求 desire渴望 determine决定 insist坚持 intend打 maintain坚持主张 move建议，动员 propose提议 object反对 order命令 prefer建议 require 需要 request要求 resolve下决心 recommend推荐 suggest建议 stipulate约定，规定 urge强调，促进 vote公认，提议 decree颁布（法令）pray请求 )
动词形式: should + 动词原形 ( should 可以省略 )
f.g: I suggest that we (should) hold a meeting tonight.
* We commanded that he (should) come early today.
Note: The Arab insisted that he had not stolen their camel.
* There was a half-smile that seemed to suggest that he was happy to have given his life for his country.
3. 在 would rather/sooner/prefer/as soon//had rather 后的宾语从中:
动词形式: 用过去式表示当时或将来的情况，用过去完成时表示过去的情况，表示希望或婉转的责备。例如：
I’d rather you posted the letter right away. 我倒希望你把这封信立刻寄出去。
I would prefer he didn’t stay there too long.我倒希望他不要在那儿可得太久。
I would just as soon you had returned the book yesterday.我真希望你昨天把这本书还了。
f.g: I would rather they came tomorrow.
* I would rather you had gone there, too.
* I could go myself but I would rather you went.
III. 在其它名词性从句中:
1. 在 It is important (better, natural, necessary, possible, probable strange...等) that... 的主语从句中和在It is a pity (a shame...等) that... 的主语从句中:
动词形式: should + 动词原形 (should 可以省去)
注: 这种虚拟语气的使用, 表示说话人一种遗憾、不满、惊奇或强调的语气。
f.g. It is a great pity that he should be so conceited.
* It's strange that she (should) have failed to see her own shortcomings.
2. 在 I am sorry that... We are surprised that... They were disappointed that... 宾语从句中:
动词形式: should + 动词原形 (should 可以省去)
注: 这种虚拟语气的使用, 表示说话人一种遗憾、不满、惊奇或强调的语气。
f.g: I am sorry that he should be in such poor health.
We were surprised that he should be so stupid.
3. 在与表示主观判断、推测、建议、 命令和要求等意义的动词有关的名词性从句中, 动词用 should + 动词原形 (should 可以省略)
f.g: My suggestion is that we (should) send a few comrades to help other groups.
* What do you think of Xiao Yang's proposal that we (should) put on a play at the English evening?
* It is suggested that Comrade Wang (should) give a performance at the party.
IV. 在定语从句中:
1. 在 It is (high) time that... 的定语从句中:
动词用“过去式”[少数用 (should) +动词原形]
f.g: It is time we went to bed.
* It is time we summed up our results.
* It is high time that we (should) put an end to this quarrel.
V. 其它情况下的虚拟语气的用法:
1. 在情态动词 should, ought to, could, might, need, 后加上动词的完成式 (have done). 表示本应该做,本能够做,本可以做,本需要做而没有做的事情。
f.g: You should have been here 5 minutes ago.
* How I regretted the hours wasted in the woods and fields, the days when I had played and should have studied.
* I could have asked for help at the first building.
* It ought to have been done long ago.
* You needn't have waited for me.
2. 用 hope, want, expect, think 的过去完成时表示本希望做, 本想要做, 本盼望做, 本以为做过,的事情, 但没有或没能做成。 f.g:
*I had thought that he had died at least 20 years ago.
* I had hoped to be able to take my seat in all this noise without being seen.
3. 用情态动词的过去式 would, should, could, might 加动词原形, 表示说话人比较客气委婉的语气。可用于以下几种情况:
1).陈自己的看法: You could lift a big piece of bamboo with one hand.
* You might wonder how it manages to live without eating for so many months
2).提出请求或邀请: Would you mind turning the light on?
* Would you like to come and spend the weekend with us.
* Could you tell me the way to the station?
* Would you be kind enough to post the letter for me?
3).提出建议或劝告: You had better leave the matter to me.
*You might put the meeting off for a few days.
4).提出问题: What would you advise me to do?
* Which seat might I take?
4. 表示祝愿: 用动词原形,或 may 加动词原形(may 放在主语前)。
1). 用原形: Long live the Communist Party of China!
"God bless you!" said the captain.
"God save me!" thought the old man, opening his eyes wide.
2). 用 may + do: May the friendship between our two peoples last forever!
* May you succeed!
