定语从句

1．who,whom和whose引导的定语从句

(1)who或whom均可指代人， 但who在从句中作主语或宾语， whom在从句中作宾语； 两者在引导限制性定语从句时可用that替换。 作主语时， who/that不可省略； 作宾语时， whom/who/that可以省略。

◆I’ve become good friends with several of the students in my school who/whom/that I met in the English speech contest last year.

我与好几位去年在英语演讲比赛中结识的同校同学成了好朋友。

◆I have many friends to whom I’m going to send post cards.　我有很多打算寄贺卡给他们的朋友。

◆The person I want to talk about with you is Tu Youyou, the one who won the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 2015.

我想与你讨论的人是屠呦呦，2015年获得诺贝尔生理学或医学奖的人。

(2)whose表所属关系， 一般指人，也可指物， 在从句中作定语。 指物时相当于of which; 指人时相当于of whom。

◆The school shop, whose customers are mainly students, is closed for the holidays.

这家校内商店的主要顾客是学生， 放假时商店关门。

关系代词在定语从句中作主语时，从句谓语动词的人称和数要和先行词保持一致。

◆Tom is the only one of the engineers who has come up with the solution.

汤姆是想出解决方法的唯一工程师。　

2．that,which引导的定语从句

(1)which指物， 在从句中可以作主语、宾语，也可作定语，作宾语时可以省略。that指人或物均可， 在从句中可以作主语、宾语、表语， 作宾语时可以省略。

◆She showed the visitors around the museum that/which had been constructed three years before.

她带着这些游客参观了那座三年前建造的博物馆。

(2)限制性定语从句中， 关系代词只用that不用which的情况：

①先行词为不定代词anything, nothing, something, everything, all, some, none, little, few, the one等时。

◆I refuse to accept the blame for something that was someone else’s fault.

我拒绝接受因别人的错误而对我进行的指责。

②先行词是形容词最高级或序数词， 或先行词前有形容词最高级或序数词修饰时。

◆The first place that they visited in Guilin was Elephant Trunk Hill.

他们在桂林参观的第一个地方是象鼻山。

③先行词被the only, the very, the last, the same, any, every, each, few, little, no, some，all等修饰时。

◆The only part of the meal that I really liked was the dessert. 　这顿饭只有甜点是我真正爱吃的。

④先行词中既有表示人又有表示物的名词时。

◆They will never forget the things and persons that they’ve seen or heard of during their long journey.

他们将永远不会忘记在他们的长途旅行中见到或听说过的人和事。

(3)关系词只用which而不用that的情况：

①关系词引导非限制性定语从句时。

◆The boy was away from home for a week, which worried his parents very much.

这个男孩离家一个星期了，这使他父母很担心。

②当从句中的介词提前， 构成“介词＋关系代词” 结构时。

◆We live in an age in which more information is available with greater ease than ever before.

我们生活在一个信息比以前更容易获得的时代。

3．as引导的定语从句

(1)as可以引导限制性定语从句，常用于“so/such/the same＋先行词＋as…”结构中。

◆Such machines as are used in our workshop are made in China. 　像在我们车间使用的这种机器是中国制造的。

which引导定语从句代指前面整句话内容时只能位于主句之后。

◆(安徽高考)Mo Yan was awarded the Nobel Prize for Literature in 2012, which made one of the Chinese people’s long­held dreams come true.

莫言被授予2012年诺贝尔文学奖，这使中国人长久以来拥有的梦想之一变成现实。　

(2)as也可以引导非限制性定语从句， 定语从句说明整个句子， 可放在主句之前、之中或之后。常用的这种类似插入语的句式有：as the saying goes, as is said above, as is mentioned above, as often happens, as is often the case, as is reported in the newspaper等。

◆She has been absent for the meeting again, as is expected.　她又缺席会议了，这在预料之中。

[典例] (2015·全国卷Ⅰ语法填空)I’d skipped nearby Guilin, a dream place for tourists seeking the limestone mountain tops and dark waters of the Li River____________are pictured by artists in so many Chinese paintings.

that/which　解析： 先行词为waters，且引导词在从句中作主语，故填that/which。

单句语法填空

1．(2015·陕西高考)A salesman ____________ is not punctual may not make a sale if he arrives late for an appointment.

who　解析： 关系词代替先行词salesman在定语从句中作主语，所以用关系词who引导定语从句，表示“不能守时的销售者”。

2．(全国卷Ⅰ)Maybe you have a habit ____________is driving your family crazy.

that/which　解析： 先行词是a habit，引导词在定语从句中作主语，故填that或which。

3．(2017·福建龙岩质检)Tibet is such a place____________ all the people across the world are dreaming of visiting.

as　解析：句意：西藏是一个全世界所有的人都梦想游览的地方。定语从句的先行词为a place，其前有such修饰，应用关系代词as引导。

4．(2016·江苏高考单项填空)Many young people, most of ____________ were well­educated, headed for remote regions to chase their dreams.

whom　解析： 句意：很多年轻人都去了偏远地区追求自己的梦想，他们中大部分都受过良好的教育。先行词为young people，指人，在定语从句中作介词of的宾语，故答案为whom。

5．(2015·四川高考单项填空)The books on the desk，____________ covers are shiny，are prizes for us.

whose　解析： 句意：桌子上那些封面闪亮的书是为我们准备的奖品。该句的主句是“The books are prizes for us.”。此处whose引导的定语从句修饰限定先行词books；“封面(covers)”是那些书的，因此要用whose表示所属关系；此处的whose covers等于 the covers of which。

1．where引导的定语从句

where表示地点，在定语从句中作地点状语，相当于“介词in/at/on…＋which”。

◆(2015·北京高考单项填空)Opposite is St.Paul’s Church，where you can hear some lovely music.

＝Opposite is St.Paul’s Church，in which you can hear some lovely music.

对面是圣保罗大教堂，你们在那里能听到一些动听的音乐。

当先行词为situation, case, stage, point，activity, atmosphere等抽象名词， 且引导词在定语从句中表示事情发生的情况、阶段等时， 常用关系副词where引导。

◆They have reached the point where they have to separate with each other.

他们已经到了必须分手的地步。　

2．when引导的定语从句

when表示时间， 在定语从句中作时间状语， 相当于“介词in/at/on/during…＋which” 结构。

◆(湖南高考单项填空)I am looking forward to the day when my daughter can read this book and know my feelings for her.　我正期盼着那一天的到来， 那时我女儿可以读这本书，并且了解我对她的感情。

3．why引导的定语从句

why表示原因，在定语从句中作原因状语，相当于“介词for＋which”结构。

◆Do you know the reason why/for which he didn’t attend the meeting? 　你知道他没参加会议的原因吗？

(1)选择关系代词或关系副词的原则：在选择关系词时，最重要的是分析定语从句中所缺的成分。若从句中缺主语、宾语、定语或表语，必须用关系代词；若从句中不缺主语、宾语、定语或表语，必须用关系副词。　

This is the mountain village that/which I visited last year.(关系词在从句中作宾语)

I will never forget the day when my father returned from America.(关系词在从句中作状语)

(2)当way表示方法、方式作先行词，且后面的定语从句缺方式状语时可以用that或in which引导，也可以省略关系词。如果后面定语从句中缺少宾语，要用that或which引导，也可以省略关系词。

I don’t like the way (that/in which) he speaks to his mother.

[典例] (2016·全国卷乙语法填空)But my connection with pandas goes back to my days on a TV show in the mid­1980s，____________ I was the first Western TV reporter permitted to film a special unit caring for pandas rescued from starvation in the wild.

when　解析： 分析句子结构可知，空格处引导定语从句，且在从句中作时间状语，故填关系副词when。

单句语法填空

1．(广东高考)The next day, my brother and I went to the beach ____________we watched some people play volleyball.

where　解析： 先行词是beach，因为先行词是地点名词，关系词在定语从句中作状语，所以填where。

2．(2015·广东高考语法填空)When harvest came around，he was already selling herbs，vegetables and cotton in the market ____________ people from the towns met regularly.

where　解析： ____________ people from the towns met regularly是定语从句，修饰先行词market，关系词在定语从句中作状语，故填where。

3．(2016·天津高考单项填空)We will put off the picnic in the park until next week, ____________ the weather may be better.

when　解析： 句意：我们将把在公园的野餐推迟到下个星期，那时天气可能会更好。先行词是next week，定语从句中不缺少主宾表，缺少时间状语。

1．介词和关系代词的确定

介词放在关系代词之前，关系代词指人时常用whom，指物时常用which。另外，whose也可以放在介词后，即“介词＋whose＋名词”结构。一般来说，确定关系代词前的介词，可以从以下三方面入手：

(1)先行词的意义；

(2)从句中的动词或形容词与先行词的固定搭配；

(3)句子的意思。

◆Trading leather shoes is the business to which the Greens are devoted.

皮鞋生意是格林一家所致力于的事业。(be devoted to“献身，致力于”)

◆(湖南高考)Care of the soul is a gradual process in which even the small details of life should be considered.

心灵的呵护是一个渐进的过程，在这一过程中，即使是生活中微小的细节也应该考虑在内。

◆Recently I bought an ancient vase，the price of which(＝whose price) was very reasonable.

最近我买了个古代的花瓶，它的价钱很合理。

2．“of＋关系代词”引导的定语从句

在some，any，few，little，none，all，both，neither，many，most，each等代词或数词的前、后表示整体与部分的关系可以用of which/whom。

◆He had a lot of friends，none of whom would offer help to him when he was in trouble.　他有许多朋友，但当他遇到麻烦时没有人会给他提供帮助。

3．“介词＋where”引导的定语从句

有时“介词＋where”可以引导定语从句，此时要和“介词＋which”引导的定语从句从意思上加以区别。

◆His head soon appeared out of the window，from where he saw nothing but trees.

他的头很快从窗口探了出来，从那里除了树木他什么也看不到。(from where相当于from out of the window，而不是from the window)

[典例] (2016·浙江高考单项填空)Scientists have advanced many theories about why human beings cry tears, none of ____________ has been proved.

which　解析： 句意：关于人类为什么哭的时候会流泪，科学家已经提出了很多理论，没有一个得到了证明。先行词是theories，指物，定语从句用“代词＋介词＋关系代词which”引导。故答案为which。

单句语法填空/单句改错

1．I am looking for my glasses, without ____________ I can’t watch TV clearly.

which　解析： 该定语从句的先行词为glasses，并在从句中作介词without的宾语，故用which。

2．She brought with her three friends, none of ____________ I had ever met before.

whom　解析： 定语从句的先行词为friends，定语从句的引导词作介词of的宾语，只能用whom。

3．(浙江高考)The children, all of which had played the whole day long，were worn out.____________________

which→whom　解析： 该定语从句的先行词为children，定语从句的引导词在从句中作介词of的宾语，只能用whom。

单句语法填空

1．(2015·陕西高考语法和词汇知识)As the smallest child of his family，Alex is always longing for the time ____________ he should be able to be independent.

when　解析： 句意：作为家里最小的孩子，亚历克斯总是渴望他能独立的时候。分析句子结构可知，所填词引导定语从句，先行词time是表示时间的名词；且定语从句中缺少状语，故用when引导，when在定语从句中作时间状语。

2．(2017·安徽安庆一中模拟)I will never forget such a beautiful village ____________I spent my childhood with my grandparents.

where　解析： 句意：我永远不会忘记那个如此美丽的村庄，在那里我和祖父母一起度过我的童年。设空处引导定语从句，先行词是village，且在从句中作地点状语，因此用where引导，相当于in which。

3．(2017·吉林省实验中学第二次模拟)There they met people from other parts of the country, ____________had also volunteered to help.

who　解析： 句意：在那里他们遇到了从这个国家其他地方来的人，他们也是自愿来帮忙的。分析句子结构可知，设空处应是非限制性定语从句的引导词，先行词是people，从句缺少主语，故填关系代词who。

4．(2017·浙江台州书生中学月考)Bob is in a hopeless situation，____________ we will keep a very close eye on.

which　解析： 句意：鲍勃现在正处于绝望的境地，我们将持续密切关注。此处是非限制性定语从句的引导词，先行词是situation，从句中介词on后面缺少宾语，故填which。

5．It was a pity that the policeman failed to find the person____________ the witness had described.

that/who/whom　解析： 句意：真遗憾，警察没有找到目击者描述的那个人。本空需要关系词引导定语从句，关系词在从句中作宾语，指人，此时可以用who，whom或that。

6．(2017·湖南岳阳一中检测)The old man turned his business over to his younger son, ____________made his elder son discouraged.

which　解析： 句意：那位老人把生意交给了小儿子，这使他的大儿子很沮丧。设空处引导非限制性定语从句，指代前面一整句话的内容，并在从句中作主语，故填which。

7．(2015·重庆高考单项填空)He wrote many children’s books，nearly half of ____________ were published in the 1990s.

which　解析： 句意：他写过很多儿童书籍，将近一半都是在20世纪90年代出版的。此题的先行词是children’s books，指物，且设空处前有介词of，此处是“代词＋of＋which”引导非限制性定语从句。

8．(2017·浙江湖州中学期中)Tom’s new watch ____________hands are made of gold is quite expensive.

whose　解析： 句意：汤姆的新手表的指针是金制的，相当昂贵。设空处引导定语从句，先行词为watch，hands与watch之间为所属关系，应用whose引导该从句。

9．(2017·浙江平阳二中期中)Take an active part in the activities you enjoy____________ you can make many friends.

where/and　解析： 句意：积极参加你喜欢的活动，在这些活动中你能交到很多朋友。分析句子结构可知，设空处引导定语从句，先行词是activities，在句中作地点状语，故用关系副词where引导。也可填and，构成“祈使句＋and＋陈述句”结构。

10．(2017·江苏泰州一中模拟)Those who can achieve high grades in class tend to be weak in handling some practical problems，____________is often the case.

as　解析： 句意：那些能在课堂上取得高分的人往往不擅长解决实际问题，这是常有的事情。as is often the case意为“这是常有的事情”，为固定用法。

11．(2017·辽宁朝阳三校联考)On an autumn afternoon, we were sent to a farm____________ we learnt to plant potatoes.

where　解析： 句意：在一个秋天的下午，我们被送到一个农场，在那里我们学习了种植土豆。设空处引导的定语从句修饰先行词a farm，且在从句中作地点状语，故用where引导。

12．(2017·浙江东阳二中调研)The book tells stories of the earthquake through the eyes of those ____________lives were affected.

whose　解析： 句意：这本书从生活遭受了地震影响的人们的视角来讲述地震的故事。主句结构完整，先行词为those，引导词代替先行词在从句中修饰名词lives，作定语，因此用whose。

13．(2017·浙江杭州余杭区期末)The baby，____________health was ruined after taking the medicine，was only one year old.

whose　解析： 句意：那个婴儿只有一岁，他的健康在服用那种药物后被损害。第一个逗号后为非限制性定语从句，修饰先行词The baby，health与The baby之间为所属关系，故用whose引导。

14．(2017·浙江东阳二中调研)How I regretted not having studied hard at school, ____________led to the failure in my career!

which　解析： 句意：我多后悔在学校没有努力学习啊！这导致了我事业的失败。逗号后为非限制性定语从句，先行词为前面的not having studied hard at school这件事，故用which引导。

15．(2017·河北唐山一模)Then I noticed an elderly lady walking with difficulty in front of me, ____________seemed in her 80s.

who　解析： 句意：然后我注意到一位老妇人在我前面艰难地走着，看上去有80岁了。设空处引导非限制性定语从句，先行词为an elderly lady，指人，且在从句中作主语，故用who引导。

16．(2017·河北定州中学模拟)Some think it is convenient to get in touch with others with the cellphone，____________ also makes them feel safe especially in time of trouble.

which　解析： 句意：一些人认为用手机与其他人联系很方便，这也使他们感到安全特别是在遇到麻烦时。设空处引导非限制性定语从句，修饰先行词the cellphone，引导词在从句中作主语，故用which引导。

单句改错

1．(2017·江西南昌十所重点中学二模)We can hear birds singing happily all around.Everybody sleeps in tents, that is very exciting.____________________

that→which　解析： 第二句逗号后为非限制性定语从句，先行词是前面整个句子，应用which引导。故将that改为which。

2．(2017·石家庄模拟)Everyone has periods in their lives that everything seems very hard.____________________

that→when　解析： when引导定语从句修饰先行词periods并在从句中作时间状语。

3．(2017·嘉兴测试)I will never forget the day on that we went to buy guitars in a guitar store.____________________

that→which　解析： 定语从句中介词的宾语指物用which，本句中on which＝when。

4．Her performances on the stage were perfect, that made a lot of people admire her.____________________

that→which　解析： which引导非限制性定语从句修饰前面整句话内容。

5．(2017·福建普通高中二检)There are three people in my family and I’m the only child, who is very common in Chinese families.____________________

who→which　解析： which引导定语从句代替前面整句话内容。

6．(2017·浙江杭州质检)Most importantly，living with your friends will improve your team spirit, that will be beneficial to your future career.____________________

that→which　解析： 从句前有逗号，故为非限制性定语从句，先行词指代前面整句话的内容，故应用which引导。that不能引导非限制性定语从句。

7．(2017·长春七校第一次联考)I saw a 7­or 8­year­old boy wearing a man’s overcoat it covered him from neck to toe.____________________

it→that/which　解析： 此处是定语从句，先行词是a man’s overcoat，关系词在从句中作主语，故用that或which。

8．(全国卷Ⅱ)Having tea in the late afternoon provides a bridge between lunch and dinner, that might not be served until 8 o’clock at night.____________________

that→which　解析： that不能引导非限制性定语从句，which引导非限制性定语从句，在从句中作主语。