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比利时馆效果图比利时展馆占地面积将达5250平方米,其中包括欧盟展厅。展馆主体将采用“脑细胞e69da5e887aae79fa5e98193335”的结构。据悉,“脑细胞”同时寓意比利时作为欧洲三大传统文化———拉丁、日耳曼和盎格鲁-撒克逊文化———的汇聚地和交汇点所扮演的重要角色。
Belgium museum exhibition covers an area of rendering Belgium will reach 5250 square meters, including the exhibition hall. "The main exhibition hall will adopt a brain structure. It also implies brain ", "three traditional culture in Belgium as Europe - Latin, the Germanic and Anglo-Saxon culture -- HuiJuDe mix and play important roles.
展馆名称: 中国2010年上海世博会比利时国家馆
展馆位置: 世博园区C片区
展馆主题: 比利时馆:运动和互动
造型亮点: 脑细胞(神经元)
建筑面积: 5250平米(1000平米给欧盟)
开工时间: 2009年8月5日
设计者: JV Realys(AOS集团)与Interbuild
场馆类型: 自建馆
国家馆日: 6月13日
确认参展时间: 2006年10月
签订合同时间: 2008年8月5日
Hall name: the world expo 2010 Shanghai, China national museum in Belgium
Position: expo garden exhibition area C
Theme: exhibition hall: sports and interaction in Belgium
Modelling of brain neurons) (highlights:
Building area 1,000 square meters, 5250 square meters (to the)
Working hours: on August 5, 2009
Architect: the JV Realys (AOS group) and Interbuild
Venue: self-built museum
National library: June 13
Confirm the time: October 2006
Sign the contract time: on August 5, 2008

概况
比利时-欧盟馆温和、冷静的建筑外观与新奇、迷人的内部装修构成对比。展馆主体采用“脑细胞”的结构,“脑细胞”神经元的灵感来自于比利时丰富的科学和艺术成就,以及作为欧洲政治中心之一的地位。展馆正面外墙将采用透明玻璃材料,另外三面外墙将采用封闭式金属板外墙。展馆共有两个入口,一个是比利时展区的入口,一个是欧盟展区的入口。

general
Belgium - the museum is mild, calm and novelty, charming architectural appearance of interior decoration make contrast. Main USES "brain" exhibition, "the structure of neurons in the brain" inspiration from Belgium abundant art and science, as well as the achievements of European political center. Positive external exhibition will use transparent glass material, the other three will be closed using exterior surface of metal plate wall. Hall has two entrances, a Belgian galleries, one is the area of the entrance.

展馆外观
“脑细胞”结构是比利时-欧盟馆的整体设计理念,“脑细胞”能表现出比利时“欧洲首都”的独特地位,同时它能够引起参观者的好奇,让他们饶有兴致地探索比利时丰富的文化形式和内涵。“脑细胞”也寓意着比利时作为欧洲三大传统文化——拉丁、日耳曼和盎格鲁-撒克逊文化——的汇聚地和交汇点所扮演的重要角色。建筑外部,巨大的顶棚将撑起一片与室外完全联通的公共空间,其设计灵活新颖,又兼顾挡风遮雨的实用性。

Hall appearance
"Brain" structure is the museum of Belgium - the overall design concept, "brain" can show "European capital" in Belgium, it can cause the curious visitors, let them with interest to explore the cultural forms and Belgium rich connotation. "Brain" also signify Belgium as Europe, Latin and traditional culture Germanic and Anglo-Saxon culture -- HuiJuDe mix and play important roles. Building exterior, huge ceiling will hold a and outdoor completely unicom public space, the design of new and flexible both zheyu wind practicability.
展示内容
首先,比利时-欧盟馆将是一个生机勃勃的时尚展馆,展现比利时以其友好的投资环境构成的理想居住地。比利时-欧盟馆将通过美食来分享这些经验,展馆内比利时啤酒咖啡馆供应各类啤酒,现场还可以品尝享誉世界的巧克力,馆内同时还将开设一家米其林比利时VIP餐厅。其次,比利时-欧盟馆将举办超过150个研讨会和大型会议,并常设精美且享受盛誉的钻石展。比利时探险家Alain Hubert远征南极洲的第一手经验、比利时大学有关未来绿色经济的学术研究成果、前沿的科技等也都是展馆的精彩内容。
Display content
Firstly, the Belgian - eu pavilion will is a vibrant, fashion show, with its friendly Belgian investment environment constitute the ideal residence. Belgium - eu pavilion will come to share the experience through gourmet coffee in the Belgian beer, the exhibition of beer, the site also supply can taste the world famous chocolate, also will open a Michelin restaurant in Belgium VIP. Secondly, the museum will be held in Belgium - more than 150 seminars and conferences, exquisite and enjoy high reputation and permanent exhibition of diamonds. Belgian explorers Alain Hubert expedition Antarctica first-hand experience, Belgium university relevant future academic research achievements of green economy and technology, etc are also the contents.

展馆亮点
钻石光芒闪耀展馆 为了展示超过550年的“钻石之都”安特卫普,参观者可在展馆中欣赏到来自安特卫普钻石博物馆的10件最负盛名的钻石珠宝,以及世界闻名的ECC奖杯。ECC奖杯是一个价值超过100万欧元的钻石网球拍,由6公斤的黄金和1600颗钻石打造而成。馆内还设有“裸钻厅”。参观者不仅可以当场购买裸钻并请技师将钻石镶嵌到饰品上,而且还将获得含有世博元素的钻石证书。此外,每天还将设有2小时的打磨钻石“表演”。

Hall
Diamonds shine light exhibition in order to show more than 550 years "diamond" Antwerp, visitors can enjoy in the exhibition in museum of diamonds from the royal Antwerp the 10 most prestigious diamond jewelry, and the world famous ECC trophy. ECC trophy is a value of more than 100 million euros from the tennis racket, diamond 6 kg of gold and 1,600 diamond building. The library is equipped with "naked drill hall". Visitors can not only on the bare drill and please buy diamonds inlaid engineer to jewelry, but also will contain elements of diamond expo. In addition, every day will have 2 hours of polishing diamonds "performance".

巧克力工厂美味飘香

几百年来,比利时巧克力因其独特的味道和出色的设计享誉全球。世博会上,比利时-欧盟馆里将建设一个梦幻般的“巧克力工厂”。一些巧克力将被做成上海地标建筑,如东方明珠的形状。来自比利时的4家顶级巧克力品牌制造商戈迪瓦、吉利莲、诺豪斯、巴利·嘉勒博将联手进驻展馆,70位巧克力技师将现场展示巧克力制作的技艺。比利时-欧盟馆预计每天提供2.5万颗独立包装的比利时巧克力,让游客免费品尝原汁原味的比利时巧克力。
Chocolate factory delicious scent

For hundreds of years, the Belgian chocolate owing to its unique flavor and excellent design all over the world. The expo, Belgium - the stadium will build a dreamy "chocolate factory". Some chocolate will be made in Shanghai, such as the Oriental pearl landmarks. The top four from Belgian chocolate brand manufacturers GeDi watts, cobolli gigli Ephraim, Howe, Barry, jia le beau to garrison, 70 chocolate technician will make the chocolate. The museum every day Belgium - 2.5 million is expected to provide independent packing Belgian chocolate, let visitors free taste authentic Belgian chocolates.
2009年6月3日下午,上海世博会比利时国家馆推介会在上海举行。记者在推介会上了解到,占地5250平方米的比利时馆将包括1000平米的欧盟展厅,展馆采用“脑细胞”为主体结构,表现欧洲和比利时的丰富艺术内涵以及凝聚了人类文明发展和智慧结晶的科学成就。
June 2009, 3 days afternoon, Shanghai world expo Belgian national museum seminar was held in Shanghai. Reporter in promotion meeting understands, covers an area of 52.5 square pavilion will include 1,000 square meters in Belgium, the exhibition hall of the European Union by "brain" as the main structure and performance of Europe and Belgium and rich artistic connotation of the development of human civilization and wisdom crystallization of scientific achievements.
比利时馆的主题为“运动和互动”,展馆的一面外墙将采用透明的玻璃材料,另三面将采用延展的金属板形成封闭幕墙,展馆不仅是欧洲厅、比利时厅及其各共同体和地区展厅的所在地,更提供各类社交和会晤场所,包括餐厅、酒吧和贵宾中心,展板将悬在滑轨上,在展厅内移动,表现馆中所展示的不同地区,塑造比利时对外开放的形象和态度和多文化的和谐共存,展馆内部呈现一种广场氛围,没有内外界线,表现比利时人“懂得享受生活”的理念。
The Belgian theme "movement and interactive exhibition", the side wall will use transparent glass material, the other three will extend the sheet metal forming, the exhibition is not enclosed facade European hall, Belgium hall and the community and area of exhibition location, provide various social and meeting place, including restaurants, bars and VIP exhibition center, in the slippery course will hang on, moving in the exhibition hall, which show different areas inside and outside the image and Belgium open attitude and cultural harmonious coexistence, hall inside an atmosphere, no internal and external boundary square, who know how to enjoy life in Belgium, "the concept of".
比利时政府总代表Leo F.W. Delcroix饶有兴致的告诉记者比利时以巧克力和钻石闻名于世,因此在上海世博会期间,顶级钻石展将亮相比利时馆,届时,来自世界各地的钻石设计师们将带来他们的作品,其中更包括了十几位来自中国的设计师,两国的时尚模特也将登场助兴,他表示钻石展不用于商业目的,接下来他们将与中国相关部门沟通,通过钻石展为建设希望小学募集资金,当记者提到保险问题时,他表示比利时已经在“认真考虑这一问题”。
The Belgian government always represent the interest Delcroix F.W. Leo told reporters in chocolate and diamond in Belgium, so famous in Shanghai world expo, top diamond will debut, Belgium, from around the world will bring the diamond designers of their works, including a dozen more from China, the designer of the two countries will debut christmas-to fashion models, he says diamond not used for commercial purposes, then they will communicate with related departments in China, through the diamond exhibition for building the hope school raise funds and insurance when reporters mentioned in Belgium, he said in "seriously considering this problem".
另一个记者非常感兴趣的话题则是Leo F.W. Delcroix提到的“巧克力工厂”,据他介绍,比利时馆将复制一个梦幻般的“巧克力工厂”,在工厂中,参观者能看到巧克力的制作过程,甚至能免费品尝比利时巧克力,一些巧克力将被做成上海地标建筑如东方明珠的形状,说到这里,他调皮的眨了眨眼睛,表示“参观者能免费尝到正宗的比利时巧克力,但他们必须控制自己的胃口”。
Another reporter is very interested in the topic is Delcroix F.W. Leo mentioned "chocolate factory", according to him, Belgium pavilion will copy a dreamy chocolate factory ", "in factories, visitors can see the production process, even chocolate can taste the free Belgian chocolate, some chocolate will be made Shanghai landmarks such as the Oriental pearl shape, here, he naughty blinked, said" visitors can free taste authentic Belgian chocolate, but they must control appetite.
Leo F.W. Delcroix告诉记者,比利时馆每天下午将举行抽奖活动,就欧洲和比利时概况问答比赛的优胜者进行抽奖,每天将有一名幸运儿赢得去比利时旅游的机会,而每周也将举行一场类似活动,优胜者有机会赢得比利时出产的钻石。
Leo F.W. Delcroix tells a reporter, Belgium hall will be held every afternoon, Europe and lucky winners of Belgium quiz on general every day, there will be a lucky win a lucky chance to Belgium tourism, and will hold a similar activities, the winner has a chance to win the Belgian produce diamond.
“脑细胞”结构是比利时馆的整体设计理念,Leo F.W. Delcroix表示用该形象代表比利时最为恰当,因为“脑细胞”能表现出比利时“欧洲首都”的独特地位,同时它能够引起参观者的好奇,让他们饶有兴致地探索比利时丰富的文化形式和内涵。
"Brain" structure is the overall design concept of Belgium, Leo Delcroix F.W. with the image represents Belgium said the most appropriate, because "brain" can show "European capital" in Belgium, it can cause the curious visitors, let them with interest to explore the cultural forms and Belgium rich connotation.
“脑细胞”也寓意着比利时作为欧洲三大传统文化——拉丁、日耳曼和盎格鲁-撒克逊文化——的汇聚地和交汇点所扮演的重要角色,“脑细胞”的灯光与色彩变幻将自然地融入上海的夜景中。
"Brain" also signify Belgium as Europe, Latin and traditional culture Germanic and Anglo-Saxon culture -- HuiJuDe mix and the role of brain ", "the light and color changes will naturally in Shanghai at night.
建筑的外部设计彰显比利时人所特有的务实和严谨的精神,这与意趣盎然的、有机的“脑细胞”设计形成了鲜明的对比。巨大的顶棚将撑起一片与室外完全联通的公共空间,其设计灵活新颖,又兼顾挡风遮雨的实用性,在公共广场将种植树木,旨在为参观者提供一块舒适的聚居地,在这里举办一系列广场活动。
The external design to reveal the belgians peculiar pragmatic and rigorous spirit, which brought exuberant, organic "brain" design to form bright contrast. Huge ceiling will hold a and outdoor completely unicom public space, the design of new and flexible both zheyu wind is practical, in the public square, designed for planting trees to provide a comfortable visitors, to hold a series of square in here.
2009年8月5日下午,比利时国家馆在浦东世博园区举行奠基仪式。2010年,一座占地5000平方米、以“脑细胞”为主体结构的展馆将亮相黄浦江畔。参观者在展馆内可以看到顶级钻石展、“巧克力工厂”以及极地科研展等精彩的展览,亲身体验比利时乃至整个欧洲的丰厚艺术底蕴。
On August 5th in 2009, the Belgian national museum in the afternoon at the park pudong ceremony. By 2010, an area 5000 square meters, with "brain" as the main structure of the exhibition will appear on the huangpu river. Visitors can see in the exhibition hall, top diamond "chocolate factory" and the polar research etc, experience the wonderful show in Belgium and throughout Europe and generous artistic heritage.
比利时副首相兼商务部长Didier Reynders,上海市政府副秘书长、世博局局长洪浩,比利时展区总代表戴明哲,比利时驻上海总领事裴泽东,欧盟驻华代表团政务参赞孟葛岚等出席奠基仪式,并与比利时馆的中国建设者们一起按下手印,比利时馆内将有一堵墙用于这些手印的展示。
Belgium's deputy prime minister and minister of commerce, Didier Reynders Shanghai municipal government, deputy secretary-general of the expo, hong DaiMingZhe general representative area, Belgium, Belgium in Shanghai, the general PeiZeDong delegation attended GeLan meng e-government counselor etc, and Belgium foundation stone laying ceremony of China with the builder press handprint, Belgium museum will have a wall used for these fingerprints.
比利时馆将于2009年年底之前完成建设,2010年3月完成布展工作。比利时馆整体设计理念为“脑细胞”结构,展馆将采用易于搭建,方便拆卸并且可回收的建筑结构。为了适应上海温暖潮湿的气候,展馆外部将由三个延展的封闭门面构成。馆内不仅容纳了欧盟展馆,还将提供包括餐馆、酒吧和VIP中心在内的舒适聚会场所。
Belgium museum in 2009, complete construction before the end of March 2010. Finish layout Belgium hall overall design concept for the "brain", the exhibition will be adopted to structure, easy disassembly and recycling of architecture. In order to adapt to the Shanghai warm humid climate, the exhibition will be spread by three external appearance of closed. The European Union, not only contain exhibition will also provide including restaurants, bars and VIP center, comfortable meeting place.
比利时展区总代表戴明哲介绍说,比利时非常有信心向公众呈现一个迷人的展馆。首先,比利时馆将是一个生机勃勃的时尚展馆,展现比利时以其友好的投资环境构成的理想居住地。比利时馆将通过美食来分享这些经验,展馆内比利时啤酒咖啡馆供应各类啤酒,现场还可以品尝享誉世界的巧克力,馆内同时还将开设一家米其林比利时VIP餐厅。其次,比利时展馆将举办超过150个研讨会和大型会议,并常设精美且享受盛誉的钻石展。比利时探险家Alain Hubert远征南极洲的第一手经验、比利时大学有关未来绿色经济的学术研究成果、前沿的科技等也都是展馆的精彩内容。
Belgium DaiMingZhe said chief representative of exhibition, Belgium very confident to present an attractive public exhibition. Firstly, the Belgian museum is a vibrant, fashion show, with its friendly Belgian investment environment constitute the ideal residence. Belgium pavilion will come to share the experience through gourmet coffee in the Belgian beer, the exhibition of beer, the site also supply can taste the world famous chocolate, also will open a Michelin restaurant in Belgium VIP. Secondly, the Belgian exhibition will be held for more than 150 seminars and conferences, exquisite and enjoy high reputation and permanent exhibition of diamonds. Belgian explorers Alain Hubert expedition Antarctica first-hand experience, Belgium university relevant future academic research achievements of green economy and technology, etc are also the contents.

望采纳。

Belgium is located on the western coast of Europe, bordering Germany in the east, the Netherlands in the north, France in the south, Luxembourg in the southeast and Britain in the west. The coastline is 66.5 kilometers long.

比利时王国简称“比利时”,位于欧洲西部沿海,东与德国接壤,北与荷兰比邻,南与法国e799bee5baa6e79fa5e98193e78988e69d83361交界,东南与卢森堡毗连,西临北海与英国隔海相望。海岸线长66.5公里。

Two-thirds of the country's area is hilly and flat lowlands. The whole territory is divided into three parts: the northwest coastal Flanderland Plain, the central hills and the southeastern Aden Plateau. 

The highest point is 694 meters above sea level. The main rivers are the Mas and Escow rivers, which belong to the climate of marine temperate broad-leaved forest and have four seasons.

全国面积2/3为丘陵和平坦低地,全境分为西北部沿海佛兰德伦平原、中部丘陵、东南部阿登高原三部分,最高点海拔694米,主要河流有马斯河和埃斯考河,属海洋温带阔叶林气候,四季明显。

Belgium is a highly developed capitalist country with foreign trade as its economic lifeline and one of the world's top ten commodity importers and exporters. About two-thirds of the country's GDP comes from exports.

比利时是一个高度发达的资本主义国家,外贸为其经济命脉,是世界十大商品进出口国之一,全国GDP的大约三分之二来自出口。

Belgium has perfect infrastructure such as ports, canals, railways and roads to create conditions for closer economic integration with its neighbours. 

Belgium is one of the founding members of the European Union and NATO, and also a member of the United Nations, the World Trade Organization and other international organizations.

比利时拥有极其完善的港口、运河、铁路以及公路等基础设施,为与邻国更紧密的经济整和创造条件,比利时是欧盟和北约创始会员国之一,也是联合国、世界贸易组织等国际组织的成员国。

扩展资料

1、自然资源

比利时自然资源贫乏,资源对外依存度较高,尚有少量铁、锌、铅、铜等。截止2014年,比利时煤蕴藏量为37亿吨,其中有开采价值的18亿吨。自上世纪80年代起,比利时各主要煤矿陆续停止开采。此外尚有少量铁、锌、铅、铜矿等。

森林面积占国土面积23%。比利时的原油、天然气完全依赖进口,一次能源消费的进口依存度接近80%,显著高于欧盟平均水平。核电站7座,占总发电量的65%。森林及绿地面积6070平方公里。

2、人口民族

比利时总人口为1119.6万,其中,讲荷兰语的弗拉芒大区人口占57.3%,讲法语的瓦垄大区人口占32.3%,布鲁塞尔首都大区人口占10.4%,是西欧地区人口密度最高的国家之一。

弗拉芒族占58%;瓦隆族占41%;德意志族占1%。讲荷兰语的弗拉芒区637.3万人,讲法语的瓦隆区400万人,80%的居民信奉天主教。

参考资料来源:百度百科-比利时


位置
荷兰位于欧洲西部,东面与德国为邻,南接比利时。西、北濒临北海,地处莱茵河、马斯河和斯凯尔特河三角洲。位于东经3°21'至7°13'、北纬50°45'至53°52'之间。[3]

领土
荷兰国土总面积达41864平方千米。

本土

加勒比海领地[4]
荷兰国土南北最远端相距约300千米,东西最远端距离约200千米,总面积为41864平方千米。沿海有1800多千米长的海坝和岸堤,海岸线长1075千米。十三世纪以来共围垦约7100多平方千米的土地,相当于荷兰陆地面积的五分之一,如今荷兰国土的18%是人工填海造出来的。
海外

除本土外,荷兰管辖着两个海外领地:阿鲁巴和安第列斯群岛,面积为980平方千米。

阿鲁巴(Aruba)是一个位于加勒比海地区的岛屿,位于南美洲国家委内瑞拉北方的委内瑞拉湾外海,距离巴拉瓜纳半岛(ParaguanaPeninsula)约25千米。1986年成为荷兰王国一个单独的政治实体,荷兰继续负责该岛的国防和对外事务。

荷属安第列斯(TheNetherlandsAntilles)由加勒比海中相距800多千米的南北两组岛屿组成。2007年1月1日,库拉索岛和圣马丁岛成为单独的荷兰属国,剩下3岛组成“王国列岛”,地位待定。[4]

地形
低平是荷兰地形最突出的特点。全境为低地,四分之一的土地海拔不到1米,四分之一的土地低于海面,除南部和东部有一些丘陵外,绝大部分地势都很低。南部由莱茵河、马斯河、斯海尔德河的三角洲连接而成。“荷兰”在日耳曼语中叫尼德兰,意为“低地之国”,因其国土有一半以上低于或几乎水平于海平面而得名,部分地区甚至是由围海造地形成的,比如弗莱沃兰省的大部分地区。[5]

荷兰的最高点是位于南部林堡省东南角的瓦尔斯堡山(Vaalserberg),海拔321米。荷兰地势最低点在鹿特丹附近,为海平面以下6.7米。[4]

气候
荷兰位于北纬51°-54°之间,受大西洋暖流影响,属温带海洋性气候,冬暖夏凉。荷兰沿海地区夏季平均气温

荷兰风情[1]
为16℃,冬季平均气温为3℃。内陆地区夏季平均气温为17℃,冬季为2℃。6-8月份温度为21~26℃。冬季阴雨多风,1月份平均温度为1.7℃。荷兰历史上记载过的最低气温为-27.8℃,最高气温达到38.6℃。荷兰年降雨量约为760毫米。降雨基本均匀分布于四季。1~6月份月平均雨量为40-60毫米,7~12月月平均雨量为60~80毫米。荷兰每月平均的晴天小时数5月份最高,约为220小时,12月份最低,约为39小时。[4]

水文
境内河流纵横,主要有莱茵河、马斯河。西北濒海处有艾瑟尔湖。[4]

资源
荷兰自然资源比较贫乏,仅天然气和石油储量比较丰富(2012年探明的天然气总储量约19300亿立方米),还有一定数量的煤炭。荷兰天然气开发仅次于俄罗斯、美国和加拿大,居世界第四位。2011年开采天然气2419亿立方米。2012年底,在其所属北海海域发现石油。[4]

人口
荷兰是世界上人口密度最高的国家之一,它的人口密度超过407.5人/平方千米。

自行车在荷兰一景

根据2013统计,荷兰总人口16803700人,主要分布在大、中型城市及城市周边地区。荷兰人口最多的10个城市及其人口数目分别为:阿姆斯特丹79.01万人,鹿特丹61.63万人,海牙50.21万人,乌特勒支31.63万人,埃因霍温21.72万人,蒂尔堡20.76万人,阿尔梅勒19.32万人,格罗宁根19.31万人,布雷达17.64万人,奈梅亨16.52万人。[5]

种族
据荷兰移民局统计,2012年荷兰华人总人口约为12万人,约占荷兰人口总数的0.7%。在荷华人无大规模集中地,荷大部分地市均有华人居住。[5]

79.12%荷兰人

2.26%印度尼西亚人

2.30%土耳其人

2.06%苏里南人

2.17%摩洛哥人

0.84%荷属加勒比海人

8.64%其他种族[5]

时区
荷兰属于东1时区,当地时间比北京时间晚7小时。每年3月到10月,实行夏时制,时钟调快1小时,当地时间比北京时间晚6小时。[4]

2

历史

编辑

建国
古罗马时代,莱茵河南的地区先是属于“比利时高卢”省,后归于“日耳曼行省”。这里的北部地区居住着许多日耳曼部落,南部则是高卢人,而这些高卢人在移民时期也融合了许多日耳曼部落,其中撒利恩法兰克人从这里迁移到高卢,并在公元五世纪建立起了强大的墨洛温王朝。

中世纪,神圣罗马帝国。到了十六世纪初,因为复杂的王室联姻,他们在神圣罗马帝国哈布斯堡王朝之下统一起来。

1463年正式成为国家,16世纪前长期处于封建割据状态。

16世纪初受西班牙统治。

1556年帝国皇帝卡尔五世(1519年—1556年在位)退位,将西班牙和低地(被称为北方省)分给他的儿子腓力二世,将奥地利等其他地区以及哈布斯堡王朝正统分给他的弟弟斐迪南一世。就这样,北方省属于西班牙王国。

1568年,因反抗西班牙国王的中央集权和对新教加尔文派的迫害,爆发持续80年北方省反抗西班牙的八十年战争。

1579年北方省中的七省(荷兰、比利时和卢森堡的区域)成立了乌得勒支联盟,共同反对西班牙统治。这被

荷兰
荷兰(8张)

认为现代荷兰的开始。
1581年7月26日,来自荷兰各起义城市的代表在海牙郑重宣布:废除西班牙国王对荷兰各省的统治权,联盟正式宣布独立,成立荷兰共和国(正式名称为尼德兰联合共和国)。战争在继续,直到1648年西班牙国王菲利普四世才签订《明斯特条约》,承认七低地尼德兰七省联合共和国。

1588年,七个省份联合起来,宣布成立荷兰联省共和国。这是一个在人类历史上前所未有的国家。很多历史学家说,它是世界上第一个“赋予商人阶层充分的政治权利的国家”。[3]

称霸
从西班牙获得独立之后,荷兰发展成为17世纪航海和贸易强国。荷兰的商船数目超过欧洲所有国家商船数目总和,被誉为“海上马车夫”。荷兰在世界各地建立殖民地和贸易据点。这段时期在荷兰被称为“黄金年代”。

1602年,在共和国大议长奥登巴恩维尔特的主导下,荷兰联合东印度公司成立。

1648年西班牙正式承认荷兰独立,荷兰已达到了商业繁荣的顶点,成为17世纪海上殖民强国,继西班牙之后成为世界上最大的殖民国家。

1656年,荷兰使团到达北京。

到17世纪中叶,荷兰联省共和国的全球商业霸权已经牢固地建立起来。此时,荷兰东印度公司已经拥有15000个分支机构,贸易额占到全世界总贸易额的一半。悬挂着荷兰三色旗的10000多艘商船游弋在世界的五大洋之上:当时,全世界共有2万艘船,荷兰有1.5万艘。比英,法,德诸国船只的总数还多。

1688年9月,一支庞大的舰队从阿姆斯特丹港拔锚起航,这些船上载着荷兰的最高执政官威廉三世和两万名荷兰士兵。威廉三世此行是受英国议会的邀请,前去保护英国国民的“宗教自由和财产”。[3]

衰落
17世纪后期,荷兰先后与英国、法国交战,在海上荷兰败于英国(英荷战争),在陆地荷兰败于法国(法荷战争),从而衰落下来。

1795年荷兰被法国占领。

18世纪后,荷兰殖民体系逐渐瓦解。

1806年拿破仑之弟任国王,荷兰被封为王国。

1810年并入法国。

1814年脱离法国,翌年,荷兰和比利时、卢森堡成立荷兰王国(1830年比利时脱离荷兰独立)。

1848年成为君主立宪国。一战期间保持中立。二战初期宣布中立。

1940年5月被德国军队侵占,王室和政府迁至英国,成立流亡政府。[3]

二战后
1945年恢复独立,战后放弃中立政策,加入北约和欧共体及后来的欧盟。

1954年12月15日,荷兰通过《荷兰王国章程》(HetStatuut),使荷兰的原殖民地和属地在王国内与荷兰本土享有同等地位。自此荷兰王国专指由荷兰本土及其前殖民地组成部分的王国,而“荷兰”则专指欧洲大陆荷兰。现时荷兰王国包括三个部分,分别是欧洲大陆荷兰、荷属安的列斯和阿鲁巴。

2006年11月22日,荷兰举行议会第二院选举。在150个议席中,荷兰基督教民主联盟赢得41席,荷兰工党获32席,社会党26席,自由民主人民党获得22席。2007年2月22日,新一届大臣会议宣誓就职,由基督教民主联盟、工党和基督教联盟3党组成,扬·彼得·巴尔克嫩德担任首相。[6]

3

国家象征

编辑

国名
尼德兰(荷兰语:Nederland)的字面意义,为“低地”,即低地国家之意。

荷兰地图-最新erlinyou版

从15世纪开始,尼德兰(Netherlands)这个名字就开始被使用作为国名。但是与英国或法国不同,这个名称并不是起源于民族名称,而是由地名转化而来。严格来说,荷兰是指尼德兰(Netherlands)中一个地区的名称,也就是北荷兰省与南荷兰省两地的合称。在七省联合共和国时代,荷兰被用来转喻代指尼德兰(Netherlands)整体。另一个常见的俗称,称他们为Dutch,用于称呼荷兰的主要族群,也就是荷兰人(Nederlanders)。这个单字源自英语,由德意志(Deutsch)这个单字分化出来,最早来自拉丁语:Theodiscus,本义为部落的,或人民的。[3]

国旗

荷兰国旗
荷兰国旗呈长方形,长与宽之比为3∶2。自上而下由红、白、蓝三个平行相等的横长方形相连而成。蓝色表示国家面临海洋,象征人民的幸福;白色象征自由、平等、民主。还代表人民纯朴的性格特征;红色代表革命胜利。[3]

国徽

荷兰国徽
荷兰国徽是一顶红色貂皮懈”(JeMaintiendrai!)的蓝色饰带,两只跨立的金狮翘着尾巴,口吐红舌护着一面蓝色盾徽。盾徽顶部是威廉一世御玺上所用的王冠;后面中央绘有一只头戴王冠的金狮,右前肢挥舞着一把出鞘的利剑,左前肢挥动一束金色箭翎,它们象征着国王权力。[3] 华盖如开启的幕布,下部嵌有一条写着威廉亲王誓言“坚持不

国歌
荷兰国歌是《威廉颂》,这也是世界上第一首国歌。[3]

国花
荷兰国花——郁金香。荷兰郁金香的历史是从e799bee5baa6e997aee7ad94e59b9ee7ad94366一位名叫克卢修斯的园艺学家开始的。16世纪,在维也纳皇家花园当园丁的克卢修斯,千方百计从出使土耳其的奥地利大使于中得到了原产亚洲的、美丽的郁金香,并带着郁金香来到了荷兰,使这种花很快地遍及荷兰各地,一度掀起了郁金香热。

国鸟
荷兰国鸟——琵鹭。琵鹭因嘴极象琵琶,故得名。分布在欧洲南部到亚洲,少数分布于非洲。但在欧洲的繁殖地,仅限于荷兰和西班牙。

4

政治

编辑

政体

荷兰银行[7]
荷兰是一个议会制君主立宪国。正式国名为尼德兰王国(KingdomofNetherlands,亦译作荷兰王国)。首都为阿姆斯特丹,政府所在地为海牙。
荷兰的国家元首为奥兰治-拿骚家族成员担任的世袭君主,也就是我们常说的“国王”,但是荷兰历史上真正能被称作“国王(NedKing)”的人仅有该国的开国元勋——沉默者威廉·范·奥伦治一人。不过因为其君主的称呼过于冗长,即便是在正式的法律文件中,也将国家元首称做国王(Koing)

荷兰最高行政机关是内阁,并以总理为内阁首长统辖各部会。

需要指出的是:荷兰政府的政府首脑的正式称呼是“Minister-President”,该称呼来自荷兰议会通过的1945年宪法。正确的翻译方法是“部长会议主席”,也可以参考意大利政府首脑称呼的翻译方法,将其翻译成“政府总理”,但是翻译成”首相“其实是很常见的错误译法。因为荷兰首相(Premire)这一职位早在1848年便被废除了。

荷兰最高立法机关是两院制的国会,上议院有参议员75名,由各省推选,下议院则有150名议员,由人民直接选举,任期为四年。

荷兰以18岁为具有投票权公民的法定年龄,但选举对象为政党而非个别候选人。

荷兰由于没有任何一个政党规模大到能单独在国会取得过半席次,因此小党联合组阁的现象相当常见,也因此使得政府政策能够长期保持一贯性。

对不熟悉本地商业环境的国外投资人而言,荷兰安定的政治环境确实有利于长期经营目标的拟订。荷兰这种多党民主政治体制,加上以共识决为基础的立法体系,对于投资、企业经营、以及创新活动都可说相当有利。

宪法
1814年3月29日颁布宪法,1848年修改宪法,规定荷兰是世袭君主立宪王国。立法权属国王和议会,行政权属国王和内阁。枢密院为最高国务协商机构,需对议会负责,主席为女王本人,其他成员由女王任命,内阁总理和部长由议会选举产生,对议会负责。国际法院设在荷兰.[3]

议会
由一院和二院组成。二院拥有立法权;一院有权同意或拒绝批准法案,但不能提出或修改法案。一院共有议员75名,由省议会间接选举产生;二院共有议员150名,按比例代表制通过直接普选产生。两院议员任期均为4年,但改选不在同一年进行。[3]

司法
荷兰设62个基层法院(市镇法院),19个中级法院(地区法院),5个上诉法院和1个最高法院。此外还设有军事法庭、行政法庭等若干特别法庭。

基层法院负责审理一般性民事与刑事案件,中级法院负责审理较重大的民事及刑事案件(上述两级法院均为初审法院)。上诉法院专门负责审理上诉、抗诉案件。[3]

政党
主要政党有8个:自由民主人民党、基督教民主联盟、工党、社会党、新自由党、基督教联盟、绿色左翼联

荷兰国王
盟、六六民主党。荷政党实行领导人负责制,党主席负责日常党务工作。
自由民主人民党(VVD,VolkspartijvoorVrijheidenDemocratie)成立于1948年,现有党员4.9万人。曾多次参政,2006年大选后成为在野党,2010年和2012年议会大选均为第一大党并执政。崇尚自由主义,主张充分尊重个人的自由,推动经济自由化和市场化,代表企业主利益。现党首吕特(MarkRutte)为荷兰政府首相,党主席是考特哈斯(BenkKorthals)。

工党(PVDA,PartijvandeArbeid)1946年成立,前身是1894年建立的社会民主党,现有党员约6.2万人,历史上曾多次执政。2012年议会大选中为第二大党,并与自由党联合组阁。主张在实现经济发展和社会公正之间保持平衡,合理分配权力、收入和知识财富。现党首是萨姆松(D.M.Samsom),党主席是斯贝克曼(HansSpekman)。

基督教民主联盟(CDA,Christen-DemocratischAppel)由历史上的天主教人民党、基督教历史同盟和反对革命党3个党派于1980年合并组成。反对过分强调政府或市场的作用,主张维护传统价值和道德观。现有党员约6.8万人。2002年大选战胜工党成为第一大党。2010年大选中名列第四,与自由民主人民党组成少数派联合政府。2012年议会大选中退居第五大党,政治影响力渐失。现党首范海尔斯玛·布玛(SybrandvanHaersmau,党主席是佩特欧姆(RuthPeetoom)。

社会党(SP,SocialistischePartij)成立于1972年,现有党员约4.3万人。主张实现求真、平等、互助的人类社会,强调人人拥有良好的工作、收入、福利、教育和健康权利。现党首是卢默(Mr.E.G.M.Roemer),党主席是马莱尼森(Mr.aijnissen)。

新自由党(PVV,Partijvoorvrijheid)成立于2005年,为极右翼政党,系从自由民主人民党中分裂出来。2006年首次参加议会二院选举即获得9个席位,被誉为荷政坛的“一匹黑马”,2010年大选中名列第三,并在议会中对少数派联合政府给予默许支持。2012年大选获得10个席位。主张降低税收,提高教育质量,不接受外来移民。现党首、主席是威尔德斯(GeertWilders)。

基督教联盟(ChristenUnie)成立于2000年,2006年议会二院选举取得6个席位,并首次获得参政机会;2010年大选中获5个席位,名列第八。2012年大选中仅获2个席位。主张和谐劳资关系,推迟退休年龄,反对

荷兰政治中心——海牙[3]
人为堕胎。现党首是斯洛布(ArieSlob),党主席是路易莎(JannekeLouisa)。
绿色左翼联盟(GL,GroenLinks)创建于1990年,现有党员约2万人。在野党。2010年大选中获议会二院10个席位,名列第六。2012年大选仅获5席。主张实现社会公正,维护中下层人民利益,特别强调环境保护。现党首是(待更新)。

六六民主党(D66,Democraten66)1966年由工党、自由党中分裂出来的左翼激进分子组成。现有党员约1.3万人。在野党。2006年大选惨败,只获得3个席位;2010年大选取得较好成绩,获得议会二院10个席位,名列第六。2012年大选仅获5席。主张对现有民主模式进行改革,建立开放民主制度,保障公民个人权利。现党首是贝赫托德(Mr.AlexanderPechtold),党主席是范安格胡芬(Mrs.ndvanEshoven)。[3]

政要
国家元首:威廉-亚历山大·克劳斯·乔治·费迪南德国王,全称“尼德兰的统治者和终身执政官,荷属安的列斯领主、阿鲁巴领主、库拉索领主以及圣马丁领主威廉·亚历山大·克劳斯·乔治·费迪南德陛下”[8]

总理:马克·吕特(MarkLutte)。[7]

5

行政区划

编辑

2014年荷兰本土设12个省,下设443个市镇。[7]

荷兰北部包括格罗宁根省、弗里斯兰省和德伦特省三个省份,北濒瓦登海(Waddenzee),东部邻近德国边

荷兰行政区划
境。弗里斯兰省西面邻近艾瑟湖,东面临近格罗宁根省,是乳制品主产地。格罗宁根省东部与德国接壤,北部邻近北海,省会格罗宁根市是一座著名大学城。德伦特省位于格罗宁根省南方,在东面与德国接壤,Emmen是该省主要工业中心。
荷兰西部的北荷兰省和南荷兰省是荷兰人口最稠密省份,也是荷兰经济最发达省份。北荷兰省是西部北海和东部艾瑟湖之间的半岛,荷兰首都阿姆斯特丹就位于该省。南荷兰省被西部北海包围,省会为海牙,也是王宫所在地,欧洲第一大港鹿特丹就在该省三角洲地区。

荷兰中部包括弗莱沃兰省和乌特勒支省。是荷兰最年轻的省份,创建于1986年1月1日,弗莱沃兰省人口密度较低,主要是农牧区。乌特勒支省是荷兰地理中心,省会是乌特勒支市。

荷兰东部位于德国和艾瑟湖之间。上艾索尔省和海德兰省组成荷兰这一部分。上艾索尔省位于西面的艾瑟湖与东面的德国之间,艾瑟河(IJssel)与数条运河流经这个省份。海德兰省紧邻东面的德国,海德兰省拥有著名的DeHogeVeluwe国家公园(荷兰第一家也是最大一家国家公园)。

荷兰南部包括泽兰省、北布拉邦省和林堡省。泽兰省西面濒临北海,南面邻近比利时,是重要的海上通道。北布拉邦省南面与比利时接壤,东面邻近德国,向西延伸到Oosterschelde,几乎到达北海,梵高就出生在这里的Nuenen村。林堡省西面和南面邻近比利时,东面与德国接壤,马斯特里赫特是这个省份的省会。1991年欧共体首脑在此签署了著名的欧洲联盟条约《马斯特里赫特条约》。
  [7]

首都
阿姆斯特丹,人口1108297(2013年)。--百度百科

Physical geography: The area is 30,500 square kilometers, is locatednortheast Europe, east borders on with Germany, north and Dutchneighbor, south and French border, west near North Sea. The coastlineis long 66. 5 kilometers. The national area 2/3 for the knoll andsmoothly lowly, the most low spot slightly is lower than the sealevel.

The Belgian prince Luo river is bright and bridal Claire 库姆斯accepts people's newly married congratulation in the Brussels cityhall balcony.

Northeast part the entire boundary divides into a coastal Buddha兰德 roentgen plain, middle the knoll, southeast area the Ardenplateau three parts. Peak elevation 694 meters. The main rivers have马斯 the river and Ess test the river. Is the oceanity temperatezone foliage forest climate.

Population: 1035. 60,000 (in 2003), lecture not pulls the awn languagenot to pull the awn big area 599. 60,000, speaks French the tileprosperous big area 336. 80,000 (including speaks German approximately7. 10,000), use not method two languages Brussels capital big areas99. 20,000. The official language and not pulls the awn language forFrench. 80 % inhabitants believe in Catholicism.

Capital: Brussels (Bruxelles), has population 99. 20,000 (in 2003).Some "the European capital" the name, is the European Union, the NorthAtlantic Treaty Organization and so on many internationalorganization's headquarters locus, has the multitudinous internationalconference to convene every year in this, and some more than 200international administrative center and surpasses 1,000 officialassociations to be equipped with the office in this.
Museum, building and scenic spot

The big square profit displays in its construction style andthe municipal government building. The people also can observe andacclaim the color to be fine. In here, unfortunately is damaged since70's cities, the people on give some special houses directly retospread the bright color immediately. The tone and the mortar which insome paper newspapers and in some past schematic diagrams foundations,the Mongolian 特尔 people rehad found before once uses. Each cityall has its tone. Time is in vogue which in 18 century's ends Franceannexation principle, quite how many cities all are compelled buildingunder to brush white and except the massive Baroque style decoration,otherwise has 反共 and the principle suspicion?

沙勒 Luo Wa
Is American and clown's excellent mix, it has many beautifulbuildings actually to let things take their natural course thedecency, the worn-out construction let the people forget in the pastbeauty. Simultaneously concurrently has the construction art to bebrand-new and to decline America, regarding this the black villagepeople have not certainly given the value which should have. You onlycan own discover ( or becomes these houses master... ... Also may dobusiness). This also is the black village person warm hospitable oneway.
Charlie two th squares /Place Charles II
Was located the city this square to retain the initial pattern,and has made the outward appearance again according to the originaldesign. This is the star shape military construction vestige. Theinitial layout stems from to Spanish time Engineer Wan Aisi andGermany lets the cloth court attendant depend on the hand. ( latteris Belgium military engineer, not only uses in 沙勒 the Luo tilethis kind of pattern, but also uses in Awes Tang Deou Germany thatGermany and Ke Si). After that, Wu Bangye has used on the law.
The municipal government, Charlie two th squares this was the 30'smasterpieces, the above fell thick black dust. The municipalgovernment building is a trapezoid, noble is elegant, 精雕细琢.The host construction surface shape was abstract, congealed themassive work. Relatively says, 沙勒 Luo Wa is a young city, hasexperienced by no means the bell tower time. Therefore wise architectSi grips you, increased a bell tower, the off-centering, thus remainshas the leeway, advocates the construction outward appearance to besymmetrical.
You certainly can linger to construction in. The bas-relief style isconsistent. Only if this beautiful construction is destroyed,otherwise it later definitely will have the value. Now each kind ofturret, the parking lot, the commercial decorated corridor aresubstituting for its position.
Public museum and grand play hall for city hotel appurtenance.
Artistic achievement
Pulls the mulberry Pohl bridge and Gong the Stan money Ye'sstatue (face under city south train station), the parapet and thecarving similarly has the attraction.
However 遗憾.的.是, the ancient decoration art illumination deviceis already substituted for.
New artistic achievement
- On city /La ville the haute that Ukraine street (moviepalace) has some extremely interesting construction with the Waterloomain road. In them a part comes under the Vienna new art severalrivers intense influences.

Germany seals the Dan main road, " Gold palace " Is worth assoon as looking. 粗刻e5a48de588b67a686964616f333 embellishes is having the new artistic fuzzyrecollection the compromise to send the building.

Medicine building (in glory Does obeisance Lu: Si street 40) is oneof that time 沙勒 Luo Wa exquisite constructions. It constructed in1908, at that time Belgium's new artistic activity already went intohiding, therefore the present presents the outward appearance was abetter complex compound: The plant style, the whip shape cast iron,the bas-relief lets the person associate the elder brother especiallyto construct, the pillar, the window and 假对称 front the face.

Raises the advantage store, mountain street 38: The Paul ancient westis exquisite 粗刻, may simultaneously have a look the identical sideother houses.

Paul lets the loose main road intersection in terminus on city thatUkraine street, all may see Paul ancient west and Kerr does obeisanceother 粗刻 work.

拉夫勒 palace, Su Lebai main road 7, to artistic palace two step offar.

The new art synthesized has raised the Cull style and the Viennaseparatists. The appendix and the stockade all are by the BD presentage painter 弗朗斯 tile Si Yudang completes. (撒马 Swiss Si,Brussels's city wall), 拉夫勒 the palace is not architect's work,is person's work which falls deeply in love.

The cloth Mongolia road, Paul, 巴斯特 main road 164 ~ 174, are notfar to the photograph museum, some five bricks room is repaints andhas decorated, they cause the entire street greatly to put thebrilliance. They are not certainly famous. You may to the pedestrianintroduce its lovable place (place stands in another side in order towatches the entire scene and handpainted earthenware picture).

New style under city achievement

The next city is 沙勒 Warro's business district, is locatednearby Wan Aisi fortification (17th century).

沙勒 Warro is the Belgian youngest city. Lu is prosperous, pulls,that Ukraine and Larew Wei Ye certainly is not the historical famouscity. Former is a Austria younger brother Nepal's suburb, it alreadydoes not have the hotel, also does not have the independentadministration. As for latter, after is a city central point which theindustrial revolution produces, has obtained the city status becauseof its population and the scale.

Next city square and big post office /La Place de la ville basse etGrand-Poste,

阿贝尔 a th square, the big post office has at thebeginning of the century the attractive puppet show small theatercharacteristic, the blue white stone alternates with. The inspirationcomes from the elder brother especially with the renaissance style.

Exchange channel and university street /Le Passage de la Bourse et larue du College (19 century's ends)

This is entire city most beautiful group of buildings withouta doubt. On the university street the belt 叶瓣饰, the gear playsthe part of or the French type garret house appears in turn by theenchanting rhythm. But the exchange channel front face is 新古 thecanonical expression, luxurious is grand.

In this group of building, do not have to forget also has the saintpeaceful Tony Austria church, this rectangular cathedral has a likingfor very unwieldy, but 新古 the canonical expression arcade is veryinteresting.

Glass museum /Musee du Verre, German maple tree Dan avenue 10/Boulevard Defontaine, the telephone 0.71/310838 billion, 沙勒 LuoWazeng was the world glass product center, therefore this museum hadthe possibility is most attractive most interesting. Massivedecorations artistic style work, glass steps and ladders, 5000 meltsand... ...

Photographic museum /Musee de la Photographie Paulo The Pass Toursavenue, 11 /Avenue Paul Pastur, equestrian peaceful peak/Mont-sur-Marchienne, telephone 0.71/43581 billion Tuesday ~ Sunday,10 ~ 18 o'clock, Belgium only specially feeds specially thephotographic exhibition the place, invented from the photography tothe newest photographic technology had demonstrated the photographicdevelopment complete history, frequently displayed the preliminaryphotographic attempt, old camera installation. The temporary displayascends in the Brussels newspaper publishes.

Final suggestion

For the modern architecture amateur, in 马西takes you tohave the experimental inhabited area -R3 exportation which makes withthe steel and iron, the household 布林 cloth (behind tomb), by wayof that forest road.

Coal mine museum /Musee de la Mine

In Bishop maple tree Dan castle underground, the castle andseveral old houses (the Mongolian Si road) is worth having a look.

Industry museum (destiny) /Providence

In horse Xi'an bridge (Mongolian Si direction).

Also has the emperor Forces the castle, the burr match, places suchas Hamm and Mongolian shuttle some castles.

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